Define confounding and name a method to control for it in analysis.

Define confounding and name a method to control for it in analysis.

• A. Confounding occurs when the sample size is too small, leading to random error; adjust by adding more participants.
• B. Confounding occurs when a third variable is associated with both exposure and outcome, distorting the true effect; methods include randomization, stratification, or multivariable regression adjustment.
• C. Confounding occurs when outcome misclassification occurs.
• D. Confounding occurs when selection bias is present.

Answer: (B)